BSHS 345 Week 4 Annotated Bibliography - 1433 Words

Annotated Bibliography BSHS/345 Annotated Bibliography Juleen K. Buser, Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development 37.2 (April 2009): 94-104 This article is a great article that relates to African Americans seeking mental health treatment at lower rates than whites. The article states that this disparity can be attributed to attitudes toward services, alternate coping, and differences in care. This article also illuminates biases in counseling. Snowden, Lonnie R, Barriers to Effective Mental Health Services for African Americans, Vol. 3, Issue 4, 181-187 (Dec. 2001). Social Services and Welfare, Psychology This article states that many African Americans do not seek proper mental health care. It states that the†¦show more content†¦Technologies can be selected and so they can best meet the needs of the students who are differently abled. Donahue, P. (2005, July-September). Current perspective and future directions for social work practice and research. Families in Society, 86.3, 359-366. This article describes the aging gay and lesbian community. Past research of this community focused more on the gay White man, well-educated, active in the gay community and high socioeconomic backgrounds. This study examines current roles of social work regarding research with older gay men and lesbians and presents recommendations for both practice and research in the years ahead. Not only is this community of sexism, they are also victims of ageism. Future work must strive to be more representative of older lesbians, geographic diversity, and classes because these variables play an important role in shaping the gay aging experience. Bell-Tolliver, L., Burgess, R., Brock, L. J. (2009). African American therapists working with African American families: An exploration of the strengths perspective in treatment. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 35(3), 293-307. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/220979644?accountid=35812 When working with African Americans and Native Americans human service workers must consider important factors. When doing a study

German Word Aus Can Be a Prefix and Preposition

The preposition aus is very useful in German and is used frequently, both by itself and in combination with other words. It is always followed by the dative  case. The word is also frequently used as a prefix. The original meaning of the preposition aus was not only ‘outside’ and to exit’, the same as it means today, but ‘going up’ as well. Here are today’s main meanings of aus defined, followed by common nouns and expressions with aus. Aus in the Sense of ‘From Somewhere’ In some instances, aus is used to express ‘from somewhere’, such as when stating what country or place somebody is from. In those German sentences, the verb kommen (come) or stammen (originate) needs to be used, whereas in English that is not so. Ich komme aus Spanien. (I’m from Spain.)Ich stamme aus Deutschland. (I’m from Germany.) In other uses of aus as in ‘from somewhere’, the same verb in both languages will be used. Ich trinke aus einem Glas. (I am drinking from a glass.)Ich hole meine Jacke aus dem Klassenzimmer. (I’m getting my jacket from the classroom.)Er kommt aus der Ferne (He comes from a distance.) Aus in the Sense of ‘Made Out Of Aus welchem Material ist deine Bluse? (Whats your blouse made of?)Was wird aus Altpapier gemacht? (What is made out of recycled paper?) Aus in the Sense of ‘Out of/ Coming Out Of’ Sie geht aus dem Haus jetzt. (She is coming out of the house now.)Das kleine Kind ist beinahe aus dem Fenster gefallen. (The small child almost fell out of the window.) Aus in the Sense of ‘Out of/ Because Of/ Due to’ Er hat es aus persà ¶nlichen Grà ¼nden abgesagt. (He  canceled for [due to]  personal reasons.)Deine Mutter tat es aus Liebe. (Your mother did it out of love.)​ When  Aus  is Used as a Prefix Aus  as a prefix often keeps its main meaning ‘out of’ in many words. In English most of these words start with the prefix ‘ex’: Aus Nouns and Their English Equivalents die Ausnahme  - exceptionder Ausgang  - the exitdie Auslage  - expensesdas Auskommen  - the livelihooddie Ausfahrt  - the (highway) exit; to go for a driveder Ausflug  - the outingder Ausweg  - the solutiondie Ausrede  - the excuseder Ausdruck  - the expressiondie Aussage  - the statementdie Ausstellung  - the exhibitiondie Auskunft  - informationdas Ausrufezeichen  - the exclamation pointdie Ausbeutung  - exploitationder Ausblick  - the viewder Ausbruch  - the escape; the outbreakder Auslà ¤nder  - the foreignerdie Ausdehnung  - the expansionder Auspuff  - the exhaust Aus Verbs and Their English Equivalents ausgehen  - to go outausleeren  - to empty outausloggen  I to log offausflippen  - to flip out, to lose itausfragen  - to questionausbrechen  - to break out; to throw upausgeben  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ to give outausfà ¼llen  - to fill outausbuchen  - to book (a flight etc.)ausdà ¼nnen  - to thin outauslassen  - to leave outausgleichen  - to even outauskommen  - to manageauslachen  - to laugh at somebodyausmachen  - to turn/ switch offauspacken  - to unpackauslà ¼ften  - to air out Other Aus Words auseinander  (adv.) - separatedausgenommen  (conj.) - exceptausdauernd  (adj., adv.) – perservering; persistentlyausfà ¼hrlich  (adj., adv.) - detailed, thoroughlyausdrà ¼cklich  (adj., adv.) – express, expressly  ausgezeichnet  (adj.; adv.) – excellent  (ly) Aus Expressions/Ausdrà ¼cke aus Versehen  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ by accidentaus dem Zusammenhang ausreißen  - to take out of contextaus der Mode  - out of fashionaus dem Gleichgewicht  - out of balanceaus folgendem Grund  - for the following reasonaus der Sache wird nichts  - nothing will come out of itaus sein  - to be out Die Schule ist aus! (School is out!)aus Spaß  - out of fun

Should Standardized Test Be Abolished from the School...

Should Standardized Tests be Abolished from the School Educational System in America? The standardized test issues have always been one of the most important issues in the educational system of a country. Standardized test is a test for which norms on a reference group, ordinarily drawn from many schools or communities, are provided (Van Kollenburg, Susan E., 2002). In simpler terms, standardized tests are designed to give a common measure of students’ performance. A very large amount of students graduate every year from schools all over the world. Thus, standardized tests give educators a common model for assessing these students. Standardized tests are also known as high stakes tests. Although the names, formats and manners in which†¦show more content†¦The use of standardized tests by schools is commonly criticized by parents, school teachers and school officials because the tests do not necessarily confirm what students have learned, nor do they reveal what students have achieved (Sampson, 2006: p84). The pressure put on standardized tests to show the effectiveness of students’ performance, not only changes how teachers teach and what students study, but also our understanding of the nature of learning and achievement. Because of this undue pressure, it is not surprising that students tend to push out areas of study that will not be tested. Teachers are not at fault for the behaviour of their students. Teachers complain that students glaze over when they find out that presented information will not be tested (Jones, 1996). As a result, teachers often will teach to the test. Standardized tests have changed the very perspective of a school education. Are students going to school to gain knowledge or simply to learn how to sit for their SATs? Teachers or educators, whatever you call them, they are the most important person in a student’s life. Standardized tests have not only effects on students but also on teachers. Standardized tests rob teachers of their sense of judgement about how to help children develop to t heir optimal potential. These tests provide a much narrowed curriculum leavingShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Correlation Between Homework and Academic Success 1524 Words   |  7 PagesAmple research has been done on the correlation between homework and academic success with many opposing views. Research has shown that homework can be linked to better grades, improved standardized test scores, and more prepared students entering the post-secondary arena; however, this correlation is weak and the opposition has equal ammunition to support that there is no correlation between homework and academic success. There have been movements to abolish homework as well as movements to increaseRead MoreThe Effects Of Standardized Tests On Students Academic Performance1469 Words   |  6 PagesStandardized tests have become the pragmatic form of gauging a child’s intellect, and also have become the major factor in universities accepting applicants. Behind the results of each test lies t he ability to mould a child’s future, with test for every occasion whether it is for medical school, an International Baccalaureate entrance exam, college or university admission, there is no escaping such discriminatory tests. These tests are designed to predict a student’s intellect, as well as evaluateRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Impact On Education3441 Words   |  14 Pages Since its creation in 1965 affirmative action has been heralded by supporters as a landmark achievement and a means to erase the legacy of discrimination and raise the educational outcomes and benefits of America’s protected classes.1 Despite the support it has received, there are large numbers of people who have expressed their opposition to affirmative action in education, claiming that it is a form of discrimination, and questioning its effectiveness. As the debate rages, researchers have exhaustivelyRead MoreAffirmative Action : A Right And A Theory2415 Words   |  10 PagesAffirmative action has faced much scrutiny in its 53 year history. There has been plenty of praise, and even disapproval from some for this term created by President John F. Kennedy when he enacted Executive Order 10925. He created it in order to address discrimination that had remained prevalent despite the recent civil rights movements, and the promises, made in the constitution. It was not fully i n order until President Lyndon B. Johnson brought it into maturity by signing the Civil Rights ActRead MoreEducation in South Africa12740 Words   |  51 Pagesaround 48,000 schools – including 390 special needs schools and 1,000 registered private schools. Of all the schools, are high schools (Grade 8 to 12) and the rest are primary schools (Grade 1 to 7). School life spans 13 years - or grades - although the first year of education, grade 0 or reception year, and the last three years, grade 10, 11 and grade 12 or matric are not compulsory. Many Primary schools offer grade 0, although this pre-school year may also be completed at Nursery school. RecentlyRead MoreStudy Guide9234 Words   |  37 Pagesthis claim? How does sociology differ from simple commonsense reasoning? Sample answer: Sociologists may appear to study conditions that are obvious, but by making the familiar strange, they are able to move beyond commonsense reasoning and use evidence to really understand a topic. For example, students will say that they plan to marry for love, but society narrows the field; they are more likely to marry individuals of the same race, ethnicity, age, educational attainment, and social class. MakingRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 Pagesa. Peno was derived from Greek word â€Å"piono† and from the Latin word â€Å"poena†, both terms mean punishment. b. Logy was from the Latin word â€Å"logos†, meaning science. c. Penology distinguish from Penitentiary Science- Penology deals with the various means of fighting crimes as regards to penalties and other measures of security, while Penitentiary Science is limited only to the study of penalties dealing with deprivation of liberty. ï  ½ The Golden Age of Penology - the period from 1870 to 1880 was consideredRead MoreAn Impact Assessment of Science and Technology Policy on National Development of Nigeria61708 Words   |  247 PagesDEDICATION This research work is dedicated to my wife Hajiya Fatima Abdullahi and my children Mohammed Bashar, Zainab, Jamila, Aisha, Isa, Fatima and Abdullahi for their patience and understanding, especially when the demands of office kept me away from home. They have been quite wonderful and a source of inspiration to me in realizing my vision of acquiring a Ph. D. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Let me start by thanking the Almighty God for blessing me with good health, wisdom and foresight to undertakeRead MoreCountry Note Book of China17054 Words   |  69 Pagesthan any other group on Earth. The Chinese writing system, for example, dates back almost 4,000 years. The imperial dynastic system of government, which continued for centuries, was established as early as 221 BC. Although specific dynasties were overturned, the dynastic system survived. China was even ruled at times by foreign invaders, such as the Mongols during the Yuan Dynasty, from AD 1279 to 1368, and the Manchus during the Ching Dynasty, from AD 1644 to 1911, but the foreigners were largelyRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pageson acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photoc opying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission

Education Values Essays - 780 Words

Discussions on particular educational curricular issues or programs reflect not only educational values but societal values as well. Three areas in particular that have been eliciting much discussion are bilingual education programs, services within schools for gay and lesbian students, and inclusion of multicultural curricula. Among each of these programs, questions have been raised about their relativity to education and the comprehensive research to prove that these programs are beneficial to students. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Bilingual education is a fairly new program, in which foreign-born students learn English for one period during the day while all their other classes are taught in their native tongue (Holloway). This†¦show more content†¦This type of scenario is also evident in high schools when it comes to services for gay and lesbian students. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;At several high schools in Westchester County, homosexual students have chosen home schooling in order to avoid taunting and harassing school days (Lombardi). Although many schools have formed â€Å"tolerance clubs† and â€Å"diversity club† students still feel that change is coming very slowly. Homophobic comments ring throughout the hallways, but little is done to prevent it, especially when teachers refrain from doing anything about it. Students feel that toleration of these anti-gay slurs have driven them to dreading going to school because they are having a sense of isolation (Lombardi). On the other hand, many clubs have flourished in the past year, and are beginning to see more and more straight students attending. Linda Prendergast went on to say that â€Å"Even if were naà ¯ve enough to believe that there are no gay, lesbian or transgender kids†¦the world is a bigger place, and they’re going to have to know how to negotiat e the world with people who are different than they are†¦this is an issue of respect for all people.† This belief can also be proven by multicultural education, in order to improve the student’s skills necessary to live within such a culturally diverse society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One ofShow MoreRelatedThe Value Of An Education1037 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the value of an education really worth in today’s society? In order to clearly understand the worth of an education, one would have to understand what the word education really means. According to dictionary.com, it defines the term education as, â€Å"the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgement, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/education). An educationRead MoreThe Value Of Education985 Words   |  4 PagesEducation should be valued to the highest extent. Education is how we obtain knowledge about our surrounding. Education gives us a perspective on issues, politics, and on life in general. Education allows us to interpret things in uniques that we didn’t imagine were possible. Most importantly, education gives u s a platform to change the world. Without education, many people would be lost. Education is a delicate process that should be handled with care. Educators have the abilities to form knowledgeRead MoreValue of Education1441 Words   |  6 PagesValue of Education In his essay â€Å"Is College Worth the Money?†, Daniel S. Cheever, Jr. contends that, â€Å"The real question is whether students are getting their money’s worth† (102). He emphasizes the value of education and not only the cost. Higher education is the focus of Cheever’s essay, but I believe the same question of worth can be asked concerning elementary through high school education as well. Both public and private schools offer distinctive educational opportunities and each individualRead MoreValue Based Education: a Need of Today2339 Words   |  10 PagesThe Phrase Value Based Education, in wide use in present times comes closest in meaning to the Sanskrit word Vidya as it was used by the Gurus or preceptors of ancient India. Vid - ya means that which illumines. As such, it was identified with knowledge that illumines the mind and soul. Since the imparting of knowledge was the aim of education, over a period of time, education also came to be known as Vidya. But, the highest goal of Vidya as visualized by the seers and seekers was to understandRead MoreThe Value Of Culture Of Education Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pages The Value of Culture in Education All individuals are affected in one way or another by the culture, or the beliefs and traditions of our society. The various layers of culture assist in designing the future of an individual, but more importantly the educational culture affects the success of the student. Cathy Davidson, author of Project Classroom Makeover, claims that the current culture of education is negatively affecting the students by narrowing the spectrum of success. Susan Faludi, authorRead More Values Education Essay1157 Words   |  5 Pagesbelief of a democratic society that requires the acquisition of essential knowledge, skills and values in order to enable all citizens to proactively play a part in the shaping their preferred future of a more equitable and socially just world (Bliss, 2005). To that end, Values and Values-based Education are considered to be an integral aspect of the Educational landscape as there is a recognition that values are not only a crucial part of a critical understanding of society, but also the key to successfulRead MoreThe Precious Value Of Education952 Words   |  4 Pages The precious Value of education 7:25 to 2:15. We spend 180 days a year here. We spend 900 hours here. We spend the majority of our adolescence here. School. We ,the millennial generation, are in our prime time for intellectual development, ready to forment our opinions, beliefs, and our perspectives on life. The information we process flows into our thoughts, then into our actions, then into our habits. These habits become our identity. We can not help but absorb and evaluate the flowRead More Value of an Education Essays1372 Words   |  6 PagesValue of an Education In todays society education is really important. Education has evolved a lot over time and has shaped American society. Back in the day, education was not as important because many jobs did not have educational requirements. In those days you could have a high school diploma and get a good job. Today, if you only have a high school diploma the types of jobs that you can get include fast food restaurants or maybe construction work. Getting your college degree is very essentialRead MoreThe Value Of University Education Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesOn the Value of University Education The nature of attaining a higher level of education has changed drastically since the end of WWII with more than triple the percentage of the population attending at least some college. While receiving advanced degree used to be an opportunity only for the rich or those going into a specialized profession, it now has become an integral part of the American Dream. However, historically such mass education was never the point of university, and the value of theirRead MoreThe Value of Education Essay1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe Value of Education Learning and knowledge are highly prized in all societies, especially here in Ireland, where there is a strong tradition of respect for education. The choices that individuals make when leaving school, in particular whether to pursue higher education or not, are likely to have a long lasting effect on their lifestyle. The main purposes for a University education involve: social, national and educational purposes and for the individual personal purposes and moral development

Critical Response Essay - 893 Words

Critical Response Essay The real debate - the pipe-dream or nuclear? Mark Kenny The Nation Mark Kennys article on the coal power versus nuclear power debate was published in the Advertiser on the 31st of October 2009. The Advertiser is South Australias only daily tabloid newspaper, and is widely distributed around South Australia allowing for a large dispersion of readers from diverse cultural backgrounds and an assortment of age groups. The article has Mark Kennys photograph situated next to a quote from the conclusion of his article stating â€Å"Its time for a real debate which admits clean coal is a pipe-dream and safe nuclear is a global reality†. It also has a cartoon of Peter Garrett being portrayed as lead singer of†¦show more content†¦The qualifier indicates the strength from the data used in the grounds to the warrant, and may be the defining factor in how strong the claim of the argument is. Finally the rebuttal is used to limit the effectiveness of counter-arguments and prevent this affecting the persuasion of views being expressed, Kenny rarel y uses this element of the argument and if so only very slightly at the end of the article â€Å"Mr Garrett claimed there was a vigorous debate at the last election that had settled the matter clearly† on nuclear power, however Kenny immediately claims this to be false. Overall Mark Kennys article The real debate – pipe-dream or nuclear presents a persuasive argument however not without flaws. Kenny has gone for a hard hitting article to strongly express his viewpoints and through that has made it to one sided and opinionated which has led to elements of false analogies in his argument along with generalisations. He also verges on quoting out of context when referring to Peter Garrett and makes isolated individual examples through evidence that affects his line of reasoning and the readers validity of his argument due to lack of looking at both sides of the issue in relation to coal-fuelled and nuclear power. Word Count: 878 References Kenny, M. 31st October 2009. The real debate – pipe-dream dream or nuclear. The Advertiser. Johnson, S. 12th April 2010. Coal-fuelled future for Australia. The West Australian. Streaker, D.Show MoreRelated The Soldier - Critical Response Essay856 Words   |  4 Pages A poem which I have read recently is â€Å"Soldier† by Rupert Brooke. The main point in question throughout this poem is appreciation for ones country. I will prove that this is the main point in question during the course of my essay. The poem â€Å"Soldier† is Brooke’s views on the possible occurrence of his own death in the field and what he feels that foreign country would gain from his death. 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Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (80 B.C.E), famously known as Vitruvius, wrote in The Ten Books on Architecture of how the architect must possess wide knowledge and expertise in many fields of study, and that his buildings must encompass firmitasRead MoreEssay about Critical Response to the Turn of the Screw851 Words   |  4 PagesHenry James’ novella the Turn of the Screw is a highly ambiguous piece of fiction. Set in Edwardian England, a very naà ¯ve woman is left in charge of two young children. The beautiful Bly however appears to be hiding a few dark secrets. The appearance of two ghosts plays on the governess’ mind, she comes to the conclusion the children are in danger and being possessed by these two horrors. Throughout the novella James successfully creates a mystical atmosphere, his ambiguous style forces us to thinkRead MoreCriti cal Response Essay Final - I Have a Dream981 Words   |  4 Pages‘I have a Dream’ – Critical Response Essay ------------------------------------------------- How does ‘I have a Dream’ By Martin Luther King conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a persuasive speech, and for what purpose? ------------------------------------------------- I have chosen the question â€Å"How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre, and for what purpose?† I have decided to analyse Martin Luther King’s classic Civil Rights MovementRead MoreDulce Et Decorum Est - Critical Response Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesA poem which I have recently read is: Dulce Et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen. The main point Wilfred Owen tries to convey in this poem is the sheer horror of war. Owen uses many techniques to show his feelings, some of which Ill be exploring. br brWilfred Owen is a tired soldier on the front line during World War I. In the first stanza of Dulce Et Decorum Est he describes the men and the condition they are in and through his language shows that the soldiers deplore the conditions. Owen thenRead MoreEssay about A Critical Response to Lady Chatterleys Lover1886 Words   |  8 PagesA Critical Response to Lady Chatterleys Lover      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lady Chatterleys Lover by D. H. Lawrence examines the human condition in the modern era.   Through the experiences of the novels characters, Lady Chatterleys Lover advances techniques for coping with the modern world:   retreating from society and engaging in phallic sex.   However, the application of these techniques is problematic as phallic sex necessitates the abandonment of social convention, while retreating from society conflictsRead More Dulce Et Decorum Est - Critical Response Essay1129 Words   |  5 Pages A poem which I have recently read is: â€Å"Dulce Et Decorum Est† by Wilfred Owen. The main point Wilfred Owen tries to convey in this poem is the sheer horror of war. Owen uses many techniques to show his feelings, some of which I’ll be exploring. Wilfred Owen is a tired soldier on the front line during World War I. In the first stanza of Dulce Et Decorum Est he describes the men and the condition they are in and through his language shows that the soldiers deplore the conditions. Owen then moves onRead MoreMy Writing Is Easy Isn t Doing It Right985 Words   |  4 Pagesimportantly, critical thinking. The first graded assignment of the course was a profile essay. The objective was to gather information, using the techniques of field research and to gain experience with narration, description, and examples; as described in our assignment rubric. We were to draw on memory, observation, or interviews to write about a person who represents something larger than him/herself or about one aspect of a person. I was especially intimidated to begin this essay. I had no idea

Indigenous Disadvantage in Employment for Education-MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theIndigenous Disadvantage in Employment for Education. Answer: Introduction Education is considered as a significant factor in the accessibility of resources to individuals. This is because education is quite beneficial to all those that partake in it personally as well as those around them. The human capital model and the signaling model have been useful to understand education choice and their impact on the society at large. This paper shall specifically consider the indigenous groups of Australia since they have been documented to experience high unemployment levels compared to the national average. This state has been attributed to the low educational outcomes experienced by the indigenous groups. The performance and enrollment of the indigenous groups are nearly half as much as that of the non-indigenous groups in Australia. The aim of this paper is to consider both the human capital and signaling models and how they provide insight to indigenous disadvantage in employment. The human capital model argues that individuals view education as an investment and therefore they are willing to pursue it as long as there are foreseeable returns (Biddle and Paradies, 2013). The screening models consider intrinsic demographic structures that reveal that a candidate is best suited for particular jobs. The models will help provide an insight into why the indigenous groups are less inclined to pursue formal education in Australia. First, the paper will consider the main characteristics of the human capital model and the signaling models. Next, it will critically analyze each model with an aim to assess their contribution to the understanding of indigenous advantage. The Human Capital Model According to the human capital model, education is designed to provide individuals with the required skills and information which is necessary and valuable to their future. It is therefore considered as an investment, since the money resources and time used in facilitation of the practice is intended to generate returns (monetary and non-monetary) to the future of the individual and the society as well. The narrow perspective provides that the knowledge and skills gained are meant to increase productivity of the individual which can be positively related to higher earnings levels and higher incomes (Biddle, 2010). In the broader sense, the knowledge and skills are not attributed to high monetary earnings but also non-monetary skills that are imperative to an individuals well-being. For example information on how to avoid preventable diseases and such like information. The model therefore considers the private and social rate of return where the private rate of return is provided by t he cost undertaken by the student in terms of paying for fees and purchasing resources divided by the benefits received which in this case is the after tax income. The social rate of return considers the private and social costs divided by the private and social benefits such as public costs to education and the increase in the tax level from educated working individuals. The Human Capital model therefore suggests that when the costs outweigh the benefits, the individuals are less likely to undertake education while when the opposite is true, most people are bound to consider its alternative. The Signaling Model The signaling or screening model of education considers that education has no inherent social value. It only provides a means by which individuals can be sorted out as most able in the available jobs with a certain level of remuneration. The screening model often provides a means for which individuals can be ranked and is used by employers in the determination of which individuals are best suited to perform high status jobs. The signaling model considers certain determinants such as level of education, past educational performance and IQ aptitude tests to consider the native ability of an individual. Primarily, the screening model assumes that high performance is often an indicator of a high performing individual. This assumption is aimed at reducing the risk of firms in hiring unproductive employees or employees who may cost them more than they become advantageous to the company. The critism of the signaling model is that individuals may seek to cheat the system to come up with good results at the compromise of learning anything. For this reason, individuals may result to cheat and manipulate the results as they please since it may afford them the benefit of being sought out. In addition, the individual may also consider undertaking a certain educational dimension in order to achieve the end of better remuneration without actually deriving value from the process (Biddle, 2010). For the most part, areas with highly educated individuals are bound to be more sorted out by employers compared to areas with low education levels. In addition, the quality of education provided may be a determining factor to the signaling process. Education Models and the Indigenous Disadvantage In order to understand the role of the education models in understanding the indigenous disadvantage, it is important to understand the community dynamics of the indigenous groups and attitudes towards work and community. The indigenous groups mostly associate in large kinship networks compared to the non-indigenous Australian groups. These communities are often demanding which often cause a strain between the requirements of paid work and the social obligation faced by these individuals. For the most part, the indigenous individuals view work as the role of an individual within the social fabric of the community and therefore formal employment is viewed as an impediment to social relatedness. An individual may less likely be inclined to pursue education and formal work as a daily priority since it may interfere with the cultural values and desires. For this reason there is some sense of incompatibility between the cultural natures of the indigenous cultural groups and the institutio ns of school and work (Jordan, 2011). The Human Capital model therefore helps in providing an understanding of the indigenous disadvantage. The model argues that education is pursued in order to provide the individual with social and private wellbeing. According to the Aboriginal attitudes of community and kinship engagement in school and work limits the ability of the individual to engage actively in societal activities. It may therefore be considered as a social cost compared to the social benefit it provides the individual. On the other hand, it may provide a private benefit which is held at a far less regard compared to the associated social cost. For this reason, individuals from the indigenous communities are less inclined to pursue education which leads to their disadvantage in employment. Their resultant low educational outcomes make it less possible for them to have access to better earning means of employment (Biddle, 2010). On the other hand, certain behaviors from the indigenous communities may be perceived as lack of commitment and laziness. For example, the aboriginal individuals may be more inclined to abandon working order to participate in community activities. A rational employer may view this action as a hindrance to employee performance and productivity which makes them less inclined to employ the indigenous people in the work place. To a large extent, the indigenous communities experience a high portion of family interference at work which makes them less inclined to obtain work engagements. In addition, their low education levels also reveals to potential employers that the individuals rank low in terms of ability to work in highly remunerated jobs (Kalb and Leung, 2014). Conclusion It is clear that a great part of the indigenous disadvantage in education can be explained through the use of the human capital and signaling models. The attitudes of the indigenous communities towards kinship are in conflict with the ideals of work and education. This state affects the ability of the indigenous individuals to be employed in formal institutions of work, either due to their low education levels as well as family interference. References Biddle, N., 2010.A human capital approach to the educational marginalisation of Indigenous Australians. Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, Australian National University. Biddle, N., Howlett, M., Hunter, B. and Paradies, Y., 2013. Labour market and other discrimination facing Indigenous Australians.Australian Journal of Labour Economics,16(1), p.91. Jordan, K., 2011. Work and Indigenous wellbeing: Developing a research agenda.Insights,9, pp.31-37. Kalb, G., Le, T., Hunter, B. and Leung, F., 2014. Identifying Important Factors for Closing the Gap in Labour Force Status between Indigenous and Non?Indigenous Australians.Economic Record,90(291), pp.536-550.

Strategic Management at Standard Chartered Group

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management at Standard Chartered Group. Answer: Introduction: Strategic Management is identifying the strategies that can be applied by an organization to achieve an improved performance and a competitive advantage. It can also be defined as the decisions made by management that influence an organizations performance. The management must know the general and competitive environment of the organization to make the correct decisions (Slack, 2015). A SWOT analysis can be conducted to identify the organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. In strategic management, an organization plans for predictable and unpredictable circumstances. Small businesses and large corporations can formulate it. By formulating the right strategies, organizations can gain competitive advantage. It also helps us to identify the direction in which an organization is moving. It is a continuous process, which analyses and takes control of the business and the industry where an organization operates (Harrison John, 2013). It also looks at its competitor s and formulates objectives and strategies to beat the competition. These strategies are continuously analyzed over time and replaced if they are no longer assisting the organization. Strategic Management also gives the staff of an organization a wide perspective, and they can understand how their roles and responsibilities fit into the organization's strategies and how it is correlated with all the other staff in the company. Employees are managed in such a manner that will achieve organizational goals. The aim is to make employees more trustworthy, better committed and satisfied (Rothaermel, 2015). They also get a deeper understanding of the environment in which the organization operates and understand when the company makes any changes to meet environmental demands. Both leaders and staff have to be effective and efficient. The functional areas of an organization have to be harmonized, and management has to keep a constant focus on the organizational objectives. Strategic Management Theories and Their Influence on an Organization Various strategic management theories help us to understand the concept of strategy and how an organization can implement it successfully. These theories are going to be applied to the Standard Chartered Group. Standard Chartered Bank was founded in 1969 through the merger of the Standard Bank of British South Africa and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia, and China. The banks have since expanded to Europe, Asia, and Africa. The chartered bank was founded in 1853 by James Wilson and operated in Mumbai, Kolkata, Shanghai, - and Singapore. In 1957, they established a presence in the Gulf. John Paterson founded the standard bank in 1862.It finances development of diamond fields in the 1970s.In 1987 Standard Chartered sold its stake in Standard Bank, which is a separate entity (Kondapalli, Kumar, Tirthala Murthy, 2015). The bank offers a variety of services to its customers and has applied various strategies to remain one of the top banks in the world. The first strategic theory is the Porters five forces model, founded by Michael Porter. This model provides a viewpoint for evaluating and analyzing competitive strength and position of an organization. Michael Porter was born in 1947 and acquired an economics doctorate at Harvard. His research was based at the Harvard Business School. He co-founded with Mark Kramer, The Foundation Strategy Group,' which was a social enterprise dedicated to advancing philanthropy through consulting organizations. After working on corporate strategy earlier, Porter applied his theories on competitive positioning of countries. By 1990s Porter had earned a reputation as a strategy guru. His book, Competitive Strategy became a bestseller and is considered a pioneer on corporate strategy. It remains a global guide for leaders all over the world on strategic matters and has been published in nineteen languages, reprinted over sixty times. Porter discussed five forces that affect a companys competitive posi tion (Holtbrgge Friedmann, 2016). The first force is the threat of new entrants. A profitable market will keep attracting new organizations, as the returns are high. When entrants become too many, profitability decreases. Unless incumbents block the entry of new organizations, then abnormal profit rate will move towards zero. New entrants are however affected by various factors. The first is patents or rights that companies may have obtained in the market. Organizations are attracted to markets where entry barriers are high, and exiting is easy. Government policies and capital requirements also determine the number of new entrants into a market. Economies of scale and switching costs are also factors that must be considered by organizations entering a new market. Standard Chartered is in the financial sector, which is highly characterized by high entry barriers and low barriers when exiting. It is a complicated process for the bank to enter into new markets because of legislative procedures. Many banks are coming up hence the threat of new entrants is high. The threat of new entrants is high as there more banks are coming up to satisfy customers (Bank, 2015). However, Standard Chartered was an early entrant, and brand loyalty has made it difficult for their market share to be taken away. The second force of Porter's model is the threat of substitutes. The more the products available then, the more likely customers are to switch. This may be affected by the way customers perceive product differentiation. Standard Chartered faces this threat from organizations like leasing companies and insurance companies. This is hampering future growth for the bank as consumers are going to these institutions due to better rates. In the banking industry, substitute products are very easy to find. Also, different banks are offering same products as Standard Chartered hence the bank has to differentiate itself through service to maintain market share. The bargaining power of customers is the third force of porters model and is described as the ability of consumers to put an organization under pressure, and it affects the sensitivity to changes in price. The bargaining power for Standard Chartereds corporate and individual customers is different. Deposits from an individual are insignificant as compared to total amounts of deposits. Corporates have large deposits hence can negotiate for special rates. Standard Chartered is a market leader hence they have a strategic advantage. The bank distinguishes its prime customers by giving them special interest rate. The fourth force is the bargaining power of suppliers, which is also known as the market of inputs. Raw material suppliers can be a source of power of the firm if there are few substitutes. Suppliers can refuse to work with an organization or charge exorbitantly. Standard chartereds financial standing is good, and it has a solid capital structure. The focus is on loan provision, as the bank needs more money for investments (Bank, 2015). The bank, therefore, needs high deposits for it to be able to meet the demand for loans. The suppliers have bargaining power as they have many options of investing their funds. The bank, therefore, has to carry out deposit campaigns and give special rates to attract depositors. The fifth force is Industry rivalry. The primary determinant of competitiveness is a rivalry. Factors that can affect this are innovation that causes sustainable competitive advantage and powerful competitive strategies (Hill et al., 2014). There is fierce competition among foreign banks for example in a market like Bangladesh. Standard Chartered has a very large market share among foreign banks. Customers, however, prefer national banks and foreign banks, therefore, compete for market share. Citibank and HSBC are some of the competitors of Standard Chartered. In this situation, increasing ones business means another bank is losing their share. Foreign banks, therefore, aim to attract customers of the local banks. Stakeholders are also elements that have been added for analysis due to the increasing concern over social and environmentally conscious practices of businesses. Standard Chartered Bank is very careful on how it portrays itself to customers (Bank, 2015). They, therefore, publicize their CSR initiatives, and there is a great focus on sustainability where they aim to apply the UN principles on sustainability. This model of Porter can be used very well along SWOT and PEST tools of analysis. Porter also identified five generic industry descriptions. He described them as fragmented, emerging, mature, declining and global. BCG Growth-Share Matrix Theory The BCG matrix is used to show a brands portfolio or strategic business units on a quadrant along a market share axis and speed of market growth. The growth-share matrix uses the relative market share and industry growth rate causes to evaluate business potential and to suggest more investment strategies. The BCG matrix was created by Boston Consulting Group to analyze the strategic position of an organization, and its potential (Guta, 2017). It divides the business portfolio into four categories dependent on growth rate and market share. This helps an organization to understand what brands it should invest in and which ones should be dropped. Relative market share is used to evaluate an organization. When an organization has a high corporate market share, then it gets higher cash returns. A company that produces a lot benefits from many economies of scale and this results in high profits. Market growth rate influences organizations. If a market is growing at a high rate, then there are higher earnings and profits though sometimes investments cost a lot of capital. Businesses should, therefore, invest only where they expect a high return. In The BCG Matrix, classification is in four types, Star, Dogs, Question Mark and Cash Cow. Dogs hold a low share of the market as compared to their competition. They also operate in a market that grows very slowly. It is not worth for a company to invest in them as they have low returns. Standard Chartered has invested in the insurance sector. It, however, faces stiff competition from numerous insurance companies hence take up is a bit low as compared to other products. Cash cows are the most profitable and the organization should, therefore, milk to get as much as possible. The cash that the organization gets here should be invested in the stars to help them grow further. Corporates should support cows to maintain their market share. Standard Chartereds Corporate Banking is their cash cow. The company has reached a large global market, and there is still potential to grow (Mostafiz, 2014). They have an established corporate market through tailor-made products for their corporate customers like The Private Bank. Stars usually operate in high growing industries, and they maintain a high market share. They use cash but also generate cash. The organization should invest its money here because they later turn into cash cows. In rapidly changing markets, however, stars may not turn into cash cows. Some may end up as dogs. Standard Chartered has been able to capture the China Market by adopting the Renminbi, a new currency. This has moved faster than anticipated and it has given investors and institutions immense opportunities (Mostafiz, 2014). The currency is being accepted very fast as an international one and the usage of it to facilitate trade through bans like Standard Chartered has increased sevenfold since 2010. Question Marks require a close consideration. They have a low market share in a rapidly growing market and consume much cash hence leading to losses. They do not necessarily succeed, and even if the company invests a lot of money here, they may struggle to get a foothold in the market and eventually turn into dogs. Standard Chartered have come up with Islamic Banking products that are still growing. One of them is the Saadiq cards. Many Muslims prefer their local Muslim banks hence this affects the take-up of this product. Organizations should not apply the BCG matrix blindly. They can assist as investment guidelines but should not change the organizations strategic thinking. Organizations should look at things like SWOT analysis to make good investment decisions. The BCG matrix is a good place for an organization to start as it moves towards analysis that is more thorough. The Growth share analysis has received heavy criticism as its oversimplified and lacks any useful application. In this theory, business is only put into four quadrants, yet a unit may fall right in the middle. It also lacks a good definition of what market is, and it is very easy to misclassify a business. This model does not also consider external environmental factors, which may completely change everything (Mostafiz, 2014). The model only considers the market share and industry growth as leading to profitability yet high market share may not necessarily lead to high profits. Lastly, the model does not acknowledge that there is a relationship between various business units (Guta, 2017). The Core Competency Theory This theory describes actions that organizations should take to achieve a competitive advantage in the marketplace. It encourages organizations to focus on the areas where they have their core strengths or competencies. It also gives a definition of core competency as something that should not be easy for competitors to copy (Foss Knudsen, 2013). It can also be reused over the markets that the organization operates in and should add value to end-users. An organization must, therefore, orient its strategy to tap into its core competency, which is the main basis for value added by the company. CK Prahalad and Gary Hamel who are leading experts in management invented the term core competency. They pioneered this concept and laid the foundation for organizations to follow suit. Core competencies can include superiority in technology, customer relationship management, and efficient processes. Each organization has an area where it does better than its competitors do. The organization can use this area of excellence in its other products to add value to its consumers. Core competencies must be nurtured by an organization and its business model built around this. Standard Chartered has a history of entrepreneurship and innovation (Weele Raaij, 2014). Standard Chartereds core competence is doing business in the markets they know intimately hence offering products that they understand fully. Due to this, they have been able to establish a loyal customer base as they keep differentiating and offering products according to market needs (Bank, 2015). They focus on research and development, and this helps them to understand the market and their customers well. This theory has provided Standard Chartered with a framework where they have been able to identify their core strength, which is understanding their market and they have used this to strategize accordingly. Organizations should be careful not to identify too few or too many competencies that may lead to redundancy. Recommendations That Can Enhance Strategic Management Globalization has increased the need for higher productivity and meeting customer expectations. Organizations are also constantly speaking about the future direction for their businesses. Mckinsey did a quarterly survey of 800 executives, and only 45 percent were satisfied with their companys strategic management process. Many executives are wondering how to make the process more effective. To enhance strategic management, an organization like Standard Chartered can start with looking at the issues that the company is facing. The CEO should involve all the departmental leaders in identifying issues that are affecting each department. This way the company will be able to come up with effective strategies. Standard Chartered can use this in its different units, and they will identify issues that may be affecting achievement of strategy in some product lines (Grant, 2016).To enhance strategy, a company needs to bring the right people together. All business units should be involved, and decisions should not only be made at the top of the company. There should be an outline of the proposed strategies and questions should be asked. This outline should not be too long. If Standard Chartered does this, it will be able to capture issues and ensure that any questions regarding a product are asked before production and release, and this may save money in defects that may not have been detected.Organizations should also adopt planning cycles to the needs of each business unit. The strategy should only happen when necessary, and a unit should not be forced to some up with a strategic plan when previous plans are still in effect and not obsolete. Standard Chartered can adopt this strategy so as not to do away with plans that may still be good for the company (Grant, 2016). Organizations should also implement strategic performance management systems. Many companies have good plans but do not execute. Some companies implement but do not track. Banks like Standard Chartered should, therefore, ensure that they have a system to monitor the progress of strategic processes. Strategic teams should don reviews of both financial and non-financial factors. These systems can warn a company of problems with the initiatives that are being taken (Tseng Lee, 2014). Human resources should be engaged in the strategic plan. The success of Strategic planning is dependent on how human resources are treated and compensated. Evaluation and compensation of employees should be tied to the progress of the new strategic initiatives. Companies should have short-term and long-term goals so that the plans can be achieved progressively. The advantage of this method is that it motivates employees to flag down any problems early enough before full implementation (Grant, 2016). Strategic Management is imperative to an organization, and various theories can be applied to achieve the same. Successful global leaders like Standard Chartered have been able to adopt various theories so as to enable them to achieve their goals. Through making sure that they focus on strategic planning, they have been able to gain competitive advantage even in the toughest of markets. Continous innovation has ensured that products are of quality hence despite numerous substitutes, Standard Chartered has been able to maintain a loyal customer base. Organizations should borrow a leaf of such companies to be able to implement their strategies effectively. References Bank, S. C. (2015). Internship report. Foss, N. J., Knudsen, C. (2013).Towards a competence theory of the firm(Vol. 2). Routledge. Grant, R. M. (2016).Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and Cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Guta, A. J. (2017). The analysis of strategic alternatives using BCG matrix in a company.Calitatea,18(S1), 358. Harrison, J. S., John, C. H. S. (2013).Foundations of Strategic Management. Cengage Learning. Hill, C. W., Jones, G. R., Schilling, M. A. (2014).Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Holtbrgge, D., Friedmann, C. B. (2016). Does location choice affect foreign subsidiary success in India? An empirical study based on Porter's diamond model.International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets,8(1), 3-29. Kondapalli, M., Kumar, T. N. S., Tirthala, S. R., Murthy, T. V. N. (2015). The Impact of New Promotional Offers of International Financial Institutions on Store Brand Retailers in India-An Empirical Study of Standard Chartered Bank, Andhra Pradesh.Kuwait Chapter of the Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review,5(3), 76. Mostafiz, F. B. (2014). Standard Chartered Bank. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Tseng, S. M., Lee, P. S. (2014). The effect of knowledge management capability and dynamic capability on organizational performance.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,27(2), 158-179. Weele, A. J., Raaij, E. M. (2014). The future of purchasing and supply management research: About relevance and rigor.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(1), 56-72.